Effect of Supports and Promoters on the Performance of Ni-Based Catalysts in Ethanol Steam Reforming

Ethanol steam reforming (ESR) is one of the potential processes to convert ethanol into valuable products. Hydrogen produced from ESR is considered as green energy for the future and can be an excellent alternative to fossil fuels with the aim of mitigating the greenhouse gas effect. The ESR process has been well studied, using transition metals as catalysts coupled with both acidic and basic oxides as supports. Among various reported transition metals, Ni is an inexpensive material with activity comparable to that of noble metals, showing promising ethanol conversion and hydrogen yields. Additionally, different promoters and supports were utilized to enhance the hydrogen yield and the catalyst stability. This review summarizes and discusses the influences of the supports and promoters of Ni-based catalysts on the ESR process.     

防振条约束失效对蒸汽发生器传热管面内流弹失稳的影响研究

根据防振条布置以及面内支承连续失效个数，将防振条面内约束失效分析划分为多种工况，分析了不同工况下面内约束失效对传热管面内模态的影响，采用各位置阻尼在振型函数上进行加权平均的方法计算了各阶模态的阻尼比，进而研究了防振条面内不同约束对传热管面内流弹失稳的影响。分析结果表明，随着面内支承连续失效位置的增多，弯管段面内首阶模态频率不断降低，出现在弯管段的振型越加明显；弯管段面内首阶模态不一定是最大流弹失稳比值出现的模态，最大流弹失稳比值出现模态的振型几乎都出现在弯管段；随着面内支承连续失效位置的增多，面内流弹失稳比值不断增大，当连续3个及以上防振条面内约束失效时，将出现流弹失稳现象。     

不凝结气体对蒸汽浸没射流压力振荡强度的影响

对含不凝结气体（空气）的蒸汽浸没射流压力振荡特性进行了实验研究。研究发现，含有少量不凝结气体时，蒸汽浸没射流凝结形态发生显著变化。含不凝结气体的压力振荡强度较纯蒸汽时明显变小，但含有少量不凝结气体的压力振荡强度随空气质量分数的增加整体呈缓慢上升趋势。压力振荡强度随径向距离的增加而单调减小，随轴向距离的增加先增大后逐渐减小，存在压力振荡峰值，且随空气质量分数的增加，压力振荡峰值位置沿轴向后移。压力振荡峰值位置在轴向无量纲距离X=3和X=12之间。不同过冷水温度下，压力振荡峰值随空气质量分数变化的趋势不同。压力振荡峰值的位置即压力振荡最强的位置位于核心汽羽的尾部。     

汽轮机运行调节方式优化策略探析

分析了汽轮机的喷嘴调节、节流调节、旁通调节、定压调节和滑压调节等几种基本调节方式的特点,指出现役燃煤火电机组多因调节方式单一而普遍存在着调峰能力不足、负荷响应迟缓以及因长期偏离设计工况致使运行安全经济性下降等诸多问题,提出了通过调节方式的优化组合,采用(节流)定压-滑压-(喷嘴)定压-旁通调节的复合调节方式,以实现煤电机组安全、经济、灵活、快速地参与电网的深度调峰,破解具有强随机波动性的新能源电量规模化并网的困境。     

Features of a control blade degradation observed in situ during severe accident conditions in boiling water reactors

In the present paper, new results using in situ video are presented regarding boiling water reactor (BWR) control blade degradation up to 1750 K at the beginning of a nuclear severe accident. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) mapping indicated stratification of the absorber blade melt with formation of a chromium and boride-enriched layer. High-content-B- and C-containing material with increased melting temperature acted like a shielding and was found to prevent further relocation of control blade claddings. The interacted layers around the B₄C-granules prevented direct steam attack of residual B₄C. The results provide new insights for understanding of the absorber blade degradation mechanism under reducing conditions specific to Fukushima Dai-Ichi Unit 2 resulting from prolonged steam starvation.     

小型模块式反应堆螺旋管蒸汽发生器设计和热工水力分析

近年来，国际上一体化小型模块式反应堆发展飞速，我国也正在加速研制一体化小型模块式反应堆。本文针对15 MW的一体化小型模块式反应堆，设计一种螺旋管式蒸汽发生器，共12个蒸汽发生器组件均匀分布在反应堆堆芯围板外侧和压力容器内侧壁的环形空间中，每个组件含5层、25根螺旋管，整个蒸汽发生器共300根螺旋管。给出了蒸汽发生器的具体参数，分析了蒸汽发生器组件中换热系数、温度、温差和热流密度等沿管长的变化，并给出了螺旋管内流体的动力特性曲线。     

复杂炼油塔模拟的改进联立方程内外层算法

在内外层算法的基础上，采用联立方程思想将主塔、侧线汽提塔视为一个整体进行建模，并针对复杂炼油塔的特点对算法提出了改进。首先，由于传统内外层法简化的K值模型对组成的变化不敏感，在处理带有石油的体系时，容易出现迭代次数较多，甚至部分塔板温度更新异常的问题，因此采用了汽相分数加和式推导了简化的K值模型加权因子。其次，借鉴流量加和法思想，规定侧线汽提塔的塔底产品流量作为设计变量，增强了算法收敛的稳定性。为验证改进后算法的有效性，采用不同的算法对实际的常压塔进行了模拟，结果显示改进后的算法适合应用于复杂炼油塔的模拟计算。     

基于迁移学习的有机硅单体分馏过程能耗建模

有机硅单体分馏过程需分离的物质多且分离技术要求高，是有机硅单体生产过程中能耗较高的单元之一。能耗模型的建立对分馏过程的生产优化有着重要的意义。虽然分馏过程中各提纯单元的塔器设备型号、操作条件存在差异，但由于各提纯单元存在相似性，如何充分利用这些相似性进行能耗建模，从而减少建模过程中对数据量、质的要求是要解决的问题。通过引入迁移学习算法，增大源单元和目标单元数据域的相似性，实现不同数据域的知识传递，充分利用现有数据中包含的知识，建立新的能耗模型。以某有机硅企业采集的现场数据进行算法验证，结果显示，当训练样本量不足时，迁移学习可以有效提升模型性能，从而验证了该算法的有效性与实际应用价值。     

Measurement of heat transfer coefficients for steam condensation on a vertical 21.5-mm-O.D. tube in the presence of air

ABSTRACT

Governing the rate of heat transport by condenser tubes in the passive containment cooling system (PCCS), the steam condensation over a vertical cylinder in the presence of air was investigated experimentally. The main objective of this study was to explore if the condensation heat transfer coefficient relies on the tube dimension, which has been a variable missed in most condensation models or has been embraced without experimental demonstration under phase change environments. The mean heat transfer coefficient was measured in the condensation test facility named JERICHO (JNU Experimental Rig for Investigation of Condensation Heat transfer On tube). The outer diameter of the condenser tube used in this study was set to 21.5 mm. The measured heat transfer coefficients were compared to those obtained from the 40-mm-O.D. tube, and a multiplier to correct the variation of the heat transfer coefficient with the tube diameter was proposed for its application to Lee correlation. The proposed correlation was further validated against another set of experimental data obtained from a separate test facility housing the 31.8-mm-O.D. tube.     

A method for the design of distillation systems aided by ionic liquids

Ionic liquids (ILs) have recently been considered for several applications in chemical processes. Particularly, as they promote an evident salting-out effect over vapor–liquid equilibrium properties and integrate the advantages of a liquid entrainer with the benefits of a solid salt, the use of ILs for the ethanol–water separation has gained wider interest. In this work, a design method for distillation systems aided by ILs is presented. The method is based on tray-by-tray calculations from the outside to the inside of the column, and the feed stage is determined by using a minimum distance concept. The method is illustrated with an ethanol dehydration design. An analysis on the effect of ILs on the column composition profiles is also carried out. The method is shown to provide an effective tool for the conceptual design of these types of systems.